Given its stunning and unexpected success, the US space
agency has extended Ingenuity's mission indefinitely.
The tiny helicopter has become the regular travel companion
of the rover Perseverance, whose core mission is to seek signs of ancient life
on Mars.
"Everything is working so well," said Josh Ravich,
the head of Ingenuity's mechanical engineering team. "We're doing better
on the surface than we had expected."
Hundreds of people contributed to the project, though only
about a dozen currently retain day-to-day roles.
Ravich joined the team five years ago.
"When I got the opportunity to come work on the
helicopter project, I think I had the same reaction as anybody else: 'Is that
even possible?'"
Play ‘Where’s Perseverance?’ With Ingenuity’s New Aerial
Image
His initial doubts were understandable: The air on Mars has
a density equivalent to only one percent that of Earth's atmosphere. By way of
comparison, flying a helicopter on Mars would be like flying one in the thin
air nearly 20 miles (30 kilometres) above Earth.
Nor was it easy getting to Mars in the first place.
Ingenuity had to withstand the initial shock of takeoff from Earth, and then of
the February 18 landing on the red planet following a seven-month voyage
through space, strapped to the rover's belly.
Once in its new surroundings, the tiny (four pound, or 1.8
kilogram) copter has had to survive the glacial cold of Martian nights, drawing
warmth from the solar panels that charge its batteries during the day. And its
flights are guided using an array of sensors, since the 15-minute lag in
communications from Earth makes real-time guidance impossible.
Scouting duties
On April 19, Ingenuity carried out its maiden flight, making
history as the first motorised craft to fly on another planet.
Exceeding all expectations, it has gone on to fly 11 more
times.
"We've actually been able to handle winds greater than
we had expected," Ravich told AFP.
"I think by flight three we had actually accomplished
all of our engineering goals ... (and) got all the information we had hoped to
get," said Ravich, who works for NASA's famed Jet Propulsion Laboratory
(JPL), which developed the helicopter.
Since then, Ingenuity has flown as high as 39 feet (12
metres), and its last flight lasted two minutes and 49 seconds. In all, it has
covered a distance of 1.6 miles.
In May, Ingenuity flew its first one-way mission, landing
outside the relatively flat "airfield" that had been carefully
selected as its initial home.
But not all has gone smoothly. Its sixth flight brought some
excitement.
After being knocked dangerously off-balance by a malfunction
affecting the photos taken in flight to help it stabilise, the tiny craft was
able to recover. It landed, safe and sound, and the problem was resolved.
Ingenuity is now being sent out to scout the way for
Perseverance, using its high-resolution color camera.
The purpose is twofold: to chart a path for the rover that
is safe, but also which is of scientific interest, notably in geological terms.
Ken Farley, who heads Perseverance's science team, explained
how photos taken by Ingenuity during its 12th flight showed that a region
dubbed South Seitha was of less interest than scientists had hoped.
As a result, the rover might not be sent there.
Favourable conditions
After more than six months on the red planet, the little
drone-like craft has gained a growing following on Earth, featured on coffee
cups and T-shirts sold on the internet.
What explains its longevity?
"The environment has been very cooperative so far: the
temperatures, the wind, the sun, the dust in the air... It's still very cold,
but it could have been a lot worse," said Ravich.
In theory, the helicopter should be able to keep operating
for some time. But the approaching Martian winter will be challenging.
NASA engineers, now armed with the data from Ingenuity's
flights, are already working on its next-generation successors.
"Something in the 20 to 30 kilograms (range) maybe,
able to carry science payloads," said Ravich.
Those future payloads might just include the rock samples
collected by Perseverance.
NASA is planning to retrieve those samples during a future
mission - sometime in the 2030s.