Limited supplies remain a problem, but experts say other
challenges now include unpredictable deliveries, weak health care systems and
vaccine hesitancy.
Most countries with low vaccination rates are in Africa. As
of late February, 13 countries in Africa have fully vaccinated less than 5% of
their populations, according to Phionah Atuhebwe, an officer for the World
Health Organization’s regional office for Africa.
Other countries with extremely low vaccination rates include
Yemen, Syria, Haiti and Papua New Guinea.
For most of last year, developing nations were plagued by a
lack of supplies. Rich countries were hoarding doses and many countries didn’t
have the facilities to make their own vaccines. COVAX — an initiative to
distribute vaccines equally around the world — faltered in delivering shots.
Many rich countries had planned to donate doses once their
own populations were vaccinated, but the emergence of the delta and omicron
variants spurred booster campaigns that further delayed those plans. Vaccine makers
have largely declined to share their formulas or technology, further
restricting production.
Other setbacks to vaccinations have also emerged.
“The main problem among countries with low vaccination rates
is poor infrastructure to distribute shots,” says Dina Borzekowski, director of
the Global Health Initiative at the University of Maryland. “What is absent are
best practices to get vaccines to populations who typically live without safely
managed sanitation systems or reliable electricity.”
Donated vaccines are also sometimes delivered close to their
expiration dates, giving health officials little time to distribute them, says
Sinhye Ha of Doctors Without Borders.
Some countries also lack materials like syringes to inject
the shots or ways to keep the vaccines at the right temperature.
Vaccine hesitancy fueled by misinformation and a distrust of
governments has also contributed to low vaccine uptake in some countries, says
Atuhebwe.
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