Public health specialists are urging Nigerians to break the silence around sexually transmitted infections, warning that lack of open discussion is contributing to widespread misinformation and late diagnoses—particularly in the case of genital herpes, a lifelong viral infection affecting millions globally.

Genital herpes, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), is transmitted primarily through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact with an infected person. Although many people assume HIV/AIDS and hepatitis are the only major viral threats, clinicians stress that HSV—especially the genital form—is incurable and can pose serious health risks if unrecognised.

A Hidden Burden

According to sexual health advocate Ifeyinwa Ejike, genital herpes remains heavily underdiagnosed in many parts of Nigeria. She notes that both stigma and misconceptions prevent people from seeking testing and treatment.

“Genital herpes is more common than people think,” she explained. “Many don’t know they have it, and those who do often feel too ashamed to talk about it. The virus can increase the risk of HIV transmission and can also be dangerous for newborns when passed from mother to child.”

The Growing Role of HSV-1

Health educators warn that HSV-1—typically known for causing cold sores—is now a significant driver of genital herpes infections in Nigeria. Public health educator Andrew Wilson said the shift is partly due to increased oral-genital contact.

“HSV-1 is no longer just the virus behind fever blisters,” Wilson said. “It is increasingly responsible for genital infections. We must treat this with urgency and educate people about its transmission.”

Clinician Ugochukwu Uzoma added that the surge of genital cases linked to HSV-1 “is alarming and warrants immediate public health action.”

Recognising Symptoms Early

Experts advise that early recognition can reduce the likelihood of transmission. Symptoms of HSV-2 or genital HSV-1 may include:

  • painful blisters or sores around the genitals, buttocks, or thighs
  • itching, tingling, or burning sensations
  • swollen lymph nodes in the groin
  • fever, headaches, or muscle aches
  • painful urination

Women may also experience unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or discomfort during intercourse. However, many people remain asymptomatic, which allows the virus to spread unknowingly.

Counsellor Joshua Banigo emphasised that silent transmission is one of the biggest challenges in controlling outbreaks. He encouraged routine testing and safer sex practices.

Prevalence Rates Vary Widely

Research shows that genital herpes is a major public health issue in Nigeria, though prevalence rates vary significantly across regions and population groups. Studies have reported figures ranging from 25% to as high as 100%, with an estimated national average of 63.4%.

Some of the most striking findings include:

  • 77% prevalence among women of childbearing age in Kogi State
  • 77.8% among women attending skin and antenatal clinics in Enugu
  • High rates among female sex workers and certain patient groups

Despite the inconsistencies in available data, clinicians agree the virus is spreading rapidly.

Reducing Stigma, Improving Care

Physician Kolade Akin-Davies from Oceancare Medical Centre stressed that stigma remains one of the biggest obstacles to progress.

“Genital herpes is not a moral failure—it can affect anyone,” he said. “We must encourage open conversation, acceptance, and accurate information so that people feel safe seeking treatment.”

Managing the Condition

Though genital herpes has no cure, medical doctors say it can be effectively managed.

“It’s not a death sentence,” said Dr. Patricia Eze of Island Health Partners. “Antiviral medications reduce symptoms and lower the risk of passing the virus to others. Regular testing and safe sex practices are essential.”

Eze warned that stigma often forces people into secrecy, which increases the risk of transmission. She encouraged a more supportive environment for those living with the virus, noting that counselling can play an important role in rebuilding confidence and emotional wellbeing.