Dog bites are a significant and recurring problem across the country. In many cases, victims—especially in rural and peri-urban areas—resort to self-treatment or traditional remedies instead of seeking proper medical care. Such practices can have devastating consequences, particularly when rabies is involved. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected animal, as the virus is present in saliva. Although dogs are the most common source, cats, monkeys, and indeed all warm-blooded animals are capable of transmitting the infection.
Children under the age of 15 account for the majority of rabies victims. Their natural closeness to animals, tendency to play with pets, and inability to recognise danger put them at higher risk of dog bites. Once the rabies virus enters the body, it attacks the central nervous system, leading to symptoms such as pain or tingling at the bite site, sudden changes in behaviour, aggression, excessive salivation, and fear of water (hydrophobia).
What makes rabies particularly alarming is its near-100 per cent fatality rate once clinical symptoms develop. Yet, it is entirely preventable. Vaccination remains the most effective tool. The World Health Organisation recommends that at least 70 per cent of the dog population be vaccinated annually to interrupt transmission and eliminate rabies. Unfortunately, vaccination coverage in many developing countries, including Nigeria, remains far below this benchmark. Low vaccination rates, limited availability of rabies biologics such as vaccines and immunoglobulin, weak disease reporting systems, and poor public awareness about post-exposure care continue to fuel the problem.
Prevention, therefore, requires action at multiple levels. Dog owners have a critical role to play by ensuring their pets are vaccinated by licensed veterinarians and by practising responsible pet ownership. This includes proper housing and feeding, preventing dogs from roaming freely, and keeping them on a leash when in public spaces. Members of the public should also avoid contact with stray or unfamiliar animals and ensure children are not left unsupervised with pets.
In the event of a bite from a dog, cat, or other animal, immediate first aid is crucial. The wound should be washed thoroughly with soap under running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by the application of an antiseptic such as povidone iodine or methylated spirit. This should be promptly followed by a visit to a healthcare facility for professional assessment and treatment. Where rabies vaccination is advised, completing the full course is essential. Suspected rabid animals should be reported to the nearest veterinary clinic without delay.
Government agencies, private sector actors, and non-profit organisations have launched various initiatives aimed at controlling rabies in Nigeria. While these efforts are commendable, they are not yet sufficient. Achieving the global target of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 will require stronger collaboration, sustained investment, and active participation from communities.
As the festive season unfolds, prioritising health and safety must remain part of the celebration. Through awareness, responsible behaviour, and timely medical care, Nigerians can reduce the risk of dog bites and rabies and move closer to a healthier, safer society for all.